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Özet: /* External links */ {{Başka dilden çevrilmekte}} '''Popular culture''', or '''pop culture''', (literally: "the culture of the people") consists of widespread ((culture|cultural)) elements in any given ((society)). Such elements are perpetuated through that society's ((vernacular)) language or an established ''((lingua franca))''. It comprises the daily interactions, needs and desires and cultural 'moments' that make up the ((everyday life|everyday lives)) of the ((mainstream)). It can include any number of practices, including those pertaining to ((cooking)), ((clothing)), ((Consumption (economics)|consumption)), ((mass media)) and the many facets of ((entertainment)) such as ((sports)) and ((literature)). (Compare ((meme)).) Popular culture often contrasts with a more exclusive, even ((elitism|elitist)) "((high culture))".<ref name="Elite000">{{cite book | first = Arthur | last = Asa Berger | title = Agit-Pop: Political Culture and Communication Theory| publisher = Transaction Publishers| year = 1990| id = ISBN 0887383157}}</ref>  If one regards culture as a way of defining oneself (an extremely individualist approach), a culture needs to attract the interest of people (potential members) and to persuade them to invest a part of themselves in it. People like to feel a part of a group and to understand their ((cultural identity)) within that group, which tends to happen naturally in a small, somewhat isolated community. Mass culture, however, lets people define themselves in relation to everybody else in mass society at the level of a city, a country, an international community (such as a wide-spread language, a former colonial empire, a religion...) or even of a whole planet. Pop culture finds its expression in the mass circulation of items from areas such as ((fashion)), ((music)), sport and ((film)). The world of pop culture had a particular influence on ((art)) from the early 1960s, through ((Pop Art)). == Popular culture in the 20th and early-21st centuries == Popular culture can describe even contemporary popular culture as just the aggregate product of industrial developments; instead, contemporary Western popular culture results from a continuing interaction between those industries and those who ((consumption (economics)|consume)) their products(Bennett 1980, p.153-218). distinguishes between 'primary' and 'secondary' popular culture, defining primary popular culture as ((mass production|mass product)) and secondary popular culture as local re-production. Popular culture changes constantly and occurs uniquely in place and ((time)). It forms currents and eddies, in the sense that a ((subculture|small group of people)) will have a strong interest in an area of which the ((mainstream)) popular culture has only partial awareness; thus, for example, the electro-pop group ((Kraftwerk)) has "impinged on mainstream popular culture to the extent that they have been referenced in ''((The Simpsons))'' and ''((Father Ted))''."{{fact}} Items of popular culture most typically appeal to a broad spectrum of ((the public (disambiguation)|the public)). Some argue that broad-appeal items dominate popular culture because profit-making ((company|companies)) that produce and sell items of popular culture attempt to maximize their ((profit))s by emphasizing broadly appealing items (see ((culture industry))). But that may over-simplify the issue. To take the example of popular music: the ((music industry)) can impose any product they wish. In fact, highly popular types of music have often first evolved in small, ((counter-culture|counter-cultural)) circles (((punk rock)) and ((Hip hop music|rap)) provide two examples). Since ((World War II)) a significant shift in pop culture has taken place: from the production of culture to the consumption of culture. Commentators have noted{{fact}} that those in ((power (sociology)|power)) exploit ((consumer))s to do more of the work themselves (for example, ((Self checkout|do-it-yourself checkout lines))), and ((advertising)) on television, movies, radio, and in other places helps those in power to guide consumers towards what those in power consider needed or important. Popular culture has multiple origins. In conditions of ((modernity)) the set of industries that make profit by inventing and promulgating cultural material have become a principal source. These industries include those of: * ((poop culture)) * ((film)) * ((television)) * ((radio)) * ((video game))s * ((book publishing)) * ((internet)) * ((comics)) ((Folklore)) provides a second and very different source of popular culture. In pre-industrial times, ((mass culture)) equaled ((folk culture)). This earlier layer of culture still persists today, sometimes in the form of ((joke))s or ((slang)), which spread through the population by ((word of mouth)) and via the ((Internet)). By providing a new channel for transmission, cyberspace has renewed the strength of this element of popular culture. Although the folkloric element of popular culture engages heavily with the ((commerce|commercial)) element, the public has its own tastes and it may not embrace every cultural item sold. Moreover, beliefs and opinions about the products of commercial culture (for example: "My favorite character is ((SpongeBob SquarePants))") spread by ((word of mouth|word-of-mouth)), and become modified in the process in the same manner that folklore evolves. A different source of popular culture lies in the set of professional communities that provide the public with facts about the world, frequently accompanied by ((interpretation)), usually as ((vulgarisation)), i.e. adapted for consumption by the public at large (which may lack the training to appreciate academic language). Such communities include the ((news media)), and ((science community|scientific)) and ((academia|scholarly communities)). The ((news media)) mines the work of ((scientist))s and ((scholar))s and conveys it to the ((general public)), often emphasizing "((factoid))s" that have inherent appeal or the power to amaze. For instance, ((giant panda))s (a species in remote Chinese woodlands) have become well-known items of popular culture; ((intestinal parasite|parasitic worms)), though of greater practical importance, have not. Both scholarly facts and news stories get modified through popular transmission, often to the point of outright falsehoods. At this point, they become known as ((urban legend))s. Other urban myths may have no factual basis at all, having simply originated as ((joke))s. ==Criticisms of popular culture == Popular culture has attracted much criticism. Some attribute this criticism to the sheer breadth of its availability, others posit that the very notion of "pop culture" is merely an arbitrary construct used to perpetuate elitism.<ref name="Elite000" /> Some charge that popular culture tends to endorse a limited understanding and experience of life through common, unsophisticated feelings and attitudes and its emphasis on the banal, the ((superficial)), the capricious and the disposable. Critics may also claim that popular culture stems more from ((sensationalism)) and ((narcissistic)) ((wish))-fulfillment fantasies than from soberly considered ((reality)) and mature personal and spiritual development. Cultural items that require extensive experience, education, training, taste, insight or reflection for their fuller appreciation seldom become items of popular culture. ((Corporations)) and advertisers have acquired a reputation for pushing popular memes in order to generate the mass ((consumption)) of their products and services. Some ((Marxism|Marxist))s complain that popular culture — and its implied insistence on a necessary causal relationship between consumption and ((self-actualization)) — perpetuates pernicious, deep-seated social and economic divisions which alienate the ((working class)) from the ruling ((professional class|professional)) and ((Theory of the Leisure Class|leisure class))es and result in general discontent and a diminished quality and enjoyment of life for all (compare ((situationism))). ==References== <references/> ==See also== *((Pop icon)) *((Fashion)) *((Fads)) *((Low culture)) *((Pop-culture tourism)) *((Popular culture studies)) ==External links== *(http://nomuzak.co.uk/dumbing_down.html Dumbing Down and Popular Culture) *(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Zana_dark/wikiPOP wikiPOP) ((ladwig.com)) ((bg:Популярна култура)) ((bn:জনসংস্কৃতি)) ((bs:Popularna kultura)) ((br:Kultur ar Bobl)) ((ca:Cultura popular)) ((de:Popkultur)) ((el:Μαζική κουλτούρα)) ((es:Cultura popular)) ((fr:Culture populaire)) ((hr:Popularna kultura)) ((he:תרבות פופולרית)) ((li:Populair cultuur)) ((ms:Budaya pop)) ((ja:大衆文化)) ((pl:Kultura masowa)) ((pt:Cultura popular)) ((ru:Массовая культура)) ((sv:Populärkultur)) ((th:วัฒนธรรมสมัยนิยม)) ((zh:流行文化)) ((tr:popüler kültür)) ((Kategori:moda)) ((Kategori:kültür)) ((Kategori:sosyoloji)) ((Kategori:psikoloji))