NawlinWiki: prod {{dated prod|concern = original essay, subject covered at ((Johns Hopkins)).|month = May|day = 14|year = 2008|time = 17:27|timestamp = 20080514172705}} <!-- Do not use the "dated prod" template directly; the above line is generated by "subst:prod|reason" --> Johns Hopkins' greatest legacy are the institutions that carry his name. The Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins Schools of Nursing, Medicine, and Public Health, and the other institutions that carry his name are some of the most renowned institutions in the nation, and the world. These institution are renowned for world class services in the areas of research, the sciences, medicine, public health, the arts and humanities and education, particularly medical education. The Johns Hopkins Press founded in 1898, is the longest continuously operating academic press in the nation. Johns Hopkins Institutions are also renown for a tradition of public relations and record of publications. Almost fifty years after Johns Hopkins' death in 1873, Thom in her 1929 biography on him expressed how proud she was of the legacy of her relative. She was proud of the Johns Hopkins Institutions not just because of their emphases on research and on science, these institution's contributions to higher education, medicine and public health, their role in founding doctoral education in America, but also for the Johns Hopkins Hospital's many services to the poor, both black and white. Thom argued further that the legacy of Quakers to America was similar to that of Puritans. Members of both religions, she wrote, had used their wealth to increase freedom in the world. She felt that much more was known about Puritans in this regard than about Quakers, and she hoped that her biography of Johns Hopkins would provide an example of a Quaker who contributed his wealth and increased freedom in the world community. It is difficult to assess the legacy of this man who lived under the first eighteen presidents in America, more specifically, from the second term of the America's Revolutionary hero and first president, George Washington to the second term of Civil War hero and America's eighteenth president Ulysses Grant. Not a president, political, public or literary figure, Johns Hopkins is understandably an understudied figure and this is especially so when it comes to his opposition to slavery, his support for quality education and medicine for the poor, the elderly, women and blacks, and his role as a philanthropist, businessman, banker, investor and an abolitionist. Two major representations of Johns Hopkins and his legacy now appear in the literature, Johns Hopkins and his legacy as represented before and after the founding of the Johns Hopkins University in 1876. Johns Hopkins and his Legacy Before 1876 Johns Hopkins' last acts and his death occurred during the Reconstruction period. Moreover, the first and nost renown of the Johns Hopkins Institutions were founded during this period. This period is known for the growth of segregation, and Jim Crow practices. Less is known today about those who defied such practices, or about when and if individuals defied or promoted such practices. As stated before, it was in an 1870's article in the ((Baltimore American)), Baltimore City's premier newspaper at that time, where Johns Hopkins was praised for being a man whose "humanity knows no race". He was praised for three "projected charities' of a university, a hospital, and an orphanage. This article followed the first and only meeting of the board of trustees before Johns Hopkins' death. This Jume 1870 newspaper article reported on some of Hopkins' ideas on the university and the hospital. This board meeting covered was a meeting of the university board of trustees. . Johns Hopkins' March 12th 1873 instruction letter to the trustees of the hospital board of trustees with its provisions for the poor of all races, and without regard for age, sex, and color was published in part and in its entirety in the newspapers of Baltimore City and New York City, in the 1874 book Chronicles cited earlier. References to the university, hospital, orphan asylum, and nursing school appear in this instruction and in other newspaper and magazine articles and books. The author of the latter book, had fought on the side of the Confederacy during the Civil War. Local newspaper articles were his major sources of infornation. Also included in Chronicles was the Baltimore city council expressions of their appreciation to Johns Hopkins which soon followed this letter. During the Civil War, ((John Niernsee)), the renown architect of the orphan asylum, who assisted in building the hospital, also had fought on the Confederate side. In 1875, Baltimore city newspapers and ((The Nation)), founded in New York in 1865 and which is today the longest operating publication of its kind in the nation, covered the opening of the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum. ((The Nation)) focused on John Niernsee and his plans for constructing the orphan asylum. After Johns Hopkins' 1873 death, the obituaries and later articles which were published in New York and Chicago, presented him similarly and the latter as stated before praised Johns Hopkins for not taking the actions, business and philanthropic, now associated with the capitalists or those now called ((robber barons)), or with Peabody when it comes to the latter's involvement in slavery. Overall newspaper, magazine articles, and books reported and commented often on Johns Hopkins until about three years after his death in 1875. The obituary of the Baltimore American, in addition, even referred to Johns Hopkins', his grandfather's, freeing of his slaves in 1778. Marylanders however were rejecting the (( Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments)). In 1867 when Johns Hopkins filed the papers incorporating the Johns Hopkins Institutions, Marylanders were rejecting the ((Fourteenth Amendment)). Former slave owners were requesting compensation for their slaves sixty years after his family had freed their slaves without compensation.The political leadership in the state had begun to shift from the side of republicans and those who had passed the ((Thirteenth Amendment)) to side of the Democrats and conservatives. THe injunction he and others filed was lost, Democrats and conservatives held their Constitutional Convention where they rejected the constitution framed by the republicans, one which incidentally provided state support for the education of black children (Wolff, 2006). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were not passed in Maryland until 1959 and 1972, respectively. <ref> Jones' statement that "Without Johns Hopkins, I don't think the city of Baltimore or the state or the world would be what it is”was reported by a ((Baltimore Sun)) reporter ((Laura Vozzella)) in a December 27th 2006 article with the title “They've wiped us off the map”. This article starts by mentioning that Baltimore had recently been left off of a ((National Geographic)) map. This omission in part happened, she writes, because a Baltimore publisher stopped publishing the organization’s maps and has since gone out of business. Below these comments in this short article in the “Maryland News” section of the paper, Vozzella reports Ross' statement, and on the recently established tradition of visiting Johns Hopkins' grave on the anniversary of his death on Christmas Eve, December 24th. Vozella also writes that the ((Baltimore American)), a newspaper no longer published, and not the ((Baltimore Sun)) was the first newspaper to report on Johns Hopkins' death. The Baltimore Sun obituary is the obituary posted on the official website of the Johns Hopkins Institutions. This graveside ceremony is usually sparsely attended.</ref> It should not be disregarded, however, that in a many ways Johns Hopkins was also a man and a Quaker of his times. To him as it was to most men of his time,a hospital was an institution that served the poor. It was a fellow Quaker, businessmen, friend and trustee, ((Francis T. King)),who was the leader of the hospital trustees when they built the orphan asylum, the nursing school, and the hospital. King seems to be more responsible than Johns Hopkins for the lack of segregation initially at the hospital. Other trustees Johns Hopkins selected to lead the institutions named after him frequently seem not to have taken the leadership like King did when it came to Johns Hopkins' interests in "color", "age", "sex" or the indigent of "all races". Until today, Hopkins' interest in age is almost never cited. There is an inattention to his views on religion's role in the hospital. His nonsectarianism was more noted during his lifetime. None of the trustees Johns Hopkins selected were of African descent, and there seems to be almost no record of his dealings with persons of African descent who were not his slaves or servants. Johns Hopkins after 1876 The literature published after 1876 is divided into ywo periods before and after the 1940's. In 1876, 1889, 1893 the Johns Hopkins University, Hospital and Nursing School, School of Medicine were founded. In the post 1876 publications by and on these institutions personnel, students and alumni, and by those in other universities and colleges, it has been and is often said that almost no one knows what Johns Hopkins thought about admitting blacks,or women, because his writings were so few. Unlike pre 1876 writers, many do not refer to the fact that he specifically stated that the hospital should provide quality personnel, facilities, services and care free to the poor, again, no matter their age first, their sex second, and their color third, and that the well off should pay to subsidize the free services for the poor. Because the hospital was constructed under the leadership of Francis King,the members of the board of trustees later had to make a decision to segregate the hospital. They did so within a year or two after the death of Francis King. King died in 1891, and the hospital was segregated in 1892 King was a Quaker, and the person who knew Johns' Hopkins' plans before and better than most others according to French. King led in the building and the founding of the Johns Hopkins Hospital and over a decade before, of the Johns Hopkins (Hospital) Colored Children Orphan Asylum. It was under his leadership that both the hospital and the orphan asylum were built by one of the most renown architects of their time, John Niernsee and only then after travels, correspondences, and visits to similar institutions in Europe. Billings, handpicked by Gilman, was the lead architect of the hospital. King visited and consulted with Florence Nightingale while in Europe/ He was a supporter of the women's efforts to attend the university and the hospital in the 1890s, and of their successful efforts to integrate the graduate school of the university according to Hopkins. He also helped to select the university's faculty members. Johns Hopkins University did not admit undergraduate women to Johns Hopkins University until 1970, making it one of the last educational institutions to admit undergraduate women. The orphan asylum like the other Johns Hopkins Institutions was constructed by one of the best architects of the time, and after travels to Europe and in America to identify best practices. It is also reported that because those who knew Johns Hopkins were still alive and memories of Johns Hopkins were still fresh, Kelly Miller was admitted to the Johns Hopkins University's graduate school to study physics, mathematics, and astronomy in the 1880s, and he became the university's graduate student. Miller did not graduate because of a tuition increase. He would later become the future founder of Howard University's sociology department, Howard University's Dean of the Arts and Sciences, and a prolific writer. At least one source reports that Howard University was sometimes called "Kelly Miller's University". Johns Hopkins' memories also positively affected the first African American member of the ((Medical and Chirugical Society)), and of another medical society that merged with it, Dr. ((Whitfield Winsey)). Two other Africans also became members and they could attend Med-Chi meetings since they were held in ((McCoy Hall)) on Johns Hopkins University's campus. After these three men left Med-Chi or died, no other African Americans were allowed to become members of Med- Chi until the 1940s. Memories of Johns Hopkins, his influence, and local knowledge of his abolitionism, soon waned both within and outside of the institutions named for him. Hawkins in the second major history of Johns Hopkins University states that Gilman exhibited a "conservative" response to race and gender relations in a chanpter on women aand blavks. The Uninbited was the title of this chapter. One trustee, Reverdy Johnson who worked closely with Gilman, resigned because of his opposition to coeducation. according to Hawkins. Others have since reported that the chemist, ((Ira Remsen)), one of the first faculty members selected by Gilman, became the second president of Johns Hopkins stated that it would be "almost suicidal" if he followed the practices of the Quaker Johns Hopkins and admitted persons of African descent as students. Many of Hopkins' students were from the south and “the natural feelings of men from that part of the country” were opposed to admitting such persons to the Johns Hopkins University. Suicide would result if one followed Johns Hopkins legacy, according to the second president of the Johns Hopkins Institutions. Post 1876 publications focus on Johns Hopkins primarily as the rich businessman and raulroad executive who endowed the Johns Hopkins Institutions, and the first president, ((Daniel Coit Gilman)) os praised as the founder of the posthumously founded Johns Hopkins Institutions. The Johns Hopkins (Hospital) Colored Children Orphanage is traditionally omitted from these accounts. Until today Gilman, not Hopkins, is the central figure in most celebrations of founders day. Founders day usually occurs on February 22nd, the month and day of Gilman's inauguration. This day was chosen because it is the birth day of America's revolutionary hero and first President, George Washington. The year 1876 was also the centennial anniversary of the birth of America as an independent nation, and of its Constitution. In his inaugural address on February 22th, 1875, Gilman stated that he would "leave the commemoration" of Johns Hopkins to those who knew him better. Others since seem to have followed in Gilman's footsteps, and there is still an inattention to Johns Hopkins, his life story, to Johns Hopkins as represented herein, by Thom, and by pre-1876 works until today. Overall, a lack of attention to Johns Hopkins is evident in writings and his legacy as described herein does not greatly influence leaders of the Johns Hopkins Institutions. This is evident in the two major histories of Johns Hopkins University, published in 1946 and 1960.Changes do occur beginning in the 1940s. Johns Hopkins after the 1940s The two major histories of the Johns Hopkins University are by alumni of the Johns Hopkins University. In ((A History of the University Founded by Johns Hopkins)), the first major history of Johns Hopkins University published in 1946, ((John C. French)), an alumnus and then university librarian, asked in this book's opening paragraph why 1876,and not 1867, was the founding year of the Johns Hopkins University. Unlike leaders of the posthumously built Johns Hopkins Institutions, French wrote, the leaders of most other educational institutions in America, had displayed an interest in showing the "antiquity" of their institutions by searching for the oldest document, and then dating their institutions from this document. French added information on the trustees selected by Johns Hopkins and on Mintie, an African born slave of the Hopkins' family who was discussed by Thom. Another alumnus ((Hugh Hawkins)) says little about Johns Hopkins in the second major history of the Johns Hopkins University, ((Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University 1874 - 1889)). "((The Uninvited))" is the title of one chapter in this book which is principally on when Gilman was and was not a "pioneer". In this chapter Hawkins discusses women and less so African Americans at the Johns Hopkins University. Both are discussed ub a chapter with the titke "The Uninvited" of the Johns Hopkins University. He discusses the struggles of womwn that culminated in the entry of women into the Johns Hopkins. These struggles had been widely reported in the 1880s and 1890s as they are now. The nursing school was segregated like the other institutions that were founded as Johns Hopkins' namesakes. It was also closed in 1973 and opened in 1983. In a little over a page in this chapter he provides additional information on the early African American applicants to Johns Hopkins in this chapter where Gilman is described as a "conservative" and not a "pioneer" when it came to gender and race relations. Trustee ((Reverdy Johnson)) who was close to Gilman, Hawkins describes as an opponent of coeducation. Others cite Johnson's opposition to mixing the races. Hawkins like most others is also critical of Thom's biography on Johns Hopkins, this time, because of her lack of knowledge of what was really going on at the university. In other chapters, Hawkins notes other problems as well, such as Gilman's handling of a conflict in the economics department. Because of Gilman's choices, Hawkins' writes, Darwinism permeated even the "vocabulary" of those working and studying at this university. Although this was a typical choice by academicians during Gilman's lifetime, Hawkins suggests that the latter choice was later seen as less than a positive development at Johns Hopkins University, or elsewhere. In Pioneer, Hawkins presents and analyzes local newspapers where charges of elitism, and of not carrying out Johns Hopkins' wishes, were not uncommon. Reported in these newspapers were local sentiments for and against Gilman, and on the differences between Hopkins' and Gilman's vision of the Johns Hopkins Institutions. Charges of elitism were leveled at Gilman when he was president of California state university, and these charges were also reported in local newspapers. Hawkins reported on the efforts of women to become students at Johns Hopkins University, and provided more information on the attempts of African Americans to to become student in a chapter titled "The Uninvited". Hawkins though says little about Johns Hopkins or his life story in "Pioneer" in the 1960 edition of this book or in the 2001 edition published by the Johns Hopkins University Press. This book was at first a dissertation. Hawkins interestingly later studied abolitionists and abolitionism, but "Johns Hopkins" was not one of them. Neither Hawkins nor the two writers who later labeled Johns Hopkins an abolitionist (Jacob and Field) mention the Colored Children Orphan Asylum as one of the institutions Johns Hopkins established. A question which has often been raised since the founding of the Johns Hopkins Institutions is asked is whether the Johns Hopkins Institutions would have survived or flourished had they followed Johns Hopkins' his and King's lead in the post Civil War Reconstruction. Another question is would these institutions have survived and flourished if not for Gilman and his leadership. Some easily would and have stated "yes" to both questions. Such questions are not so easily answered affirmatively by others. Another alumnus for instance, commented that the ((Anglo Saxon germ theory)) or ((whig theory)) early found a home in history and the social sciences at the Johns Hopkins University under Gilman and those who worked as faculty. <ref> http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77371&layout=html&Itemid=27 "The Saxon Myth Dies Hard" by Trevor Colbourn</ref> Notice that (Basil Gildersleeve)), who taught at the University of Virginia, and served as a Confederate soldier during the Civil War, was the first faculty member and a proponent of the ((lost cause)) thesis. ((W.E.B DuBois)) in ((Black Reconstruction)) stated that Johns Hopkins University and Columbia University were the two centers where publications on such ideas were produced. As reported elsewhere, the signature of "Gilman", who was then the head of the ((Slater Fund)), was on the letter that denied DuBois the funds to complete the doctoral program he was enrolled in at the ((University of Berlin)). Gilman was much closer to ((Booker T. Washington)) than to W.E.B. DuBois. Gender and race were continuing issues at the Johns Hopkins Institutions. Segregation was the reality in the Johns Hopkins Institutions until the 1940s. The Johns Hopkins Hospital, as stated before was segregated in ((1892)), a few years before the passage of ((Plessy vs Ferguson)) in ((1896)) which legally sanctioned "separate but equal" as the law of the land. The leaders of the Johns Hopkins Institutions in many ways seemed to have been much more influenced by those whose definitions of a "separate but equal" contrasted with Johns Hopkins' actions and the actions of the leader of the hospital trustees, ((Francis King)), who stressed quality and even world class services and faciliyies and institutions for the infigent no matter their sex, age,or color. Separate but equal to the leaders of the Johns Hopkins institutions quite often meant "separate and unequal". This was so also for trustees like ((Reverdy Johnson,Jr.)) and ex-mayor Brown. In the 1940s a Baltimore native ((Frederick Isadore Scott)), became the first African American undergraduate admitted to the Johns Hopkins University, and the first African American graduate of the Johns Hopkins University in 1950 after he served in World War II. He majored in chemical engineering. <ref> (http://afam.nts.jhu.edu/about "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular the chronology.)</ref> In 1950 Scott also became the first African American graduate of the Johns Hopkins University, of its engineering program, and of the university's undergraduate peogram.<ref>(http://afam.nts.jhu.edu/about "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular the chronology.)</ref> Reports around the 1960s also showed that African American employeeswere paid less for decades. And, it was not until 1967, seventeen years after Scott's graduation in 1950, that an African American, the late ((Robert Gamble)) and the Kenyan born British trained ((James F. Nabwangu)), graduated PHI BETA KAPPA from the famed Johns Hopkins Medical School. <ref> (http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hmn/W98/sea.html Kate Ledger,"In a Sea of White Faces", Johns Hopkins Medical News)</ref> That same year African Americans, ((Miriam DeCosta Sugarmon)) and ((Percy Pierre)) received doctorates from Johns Hopkins University, she in Romance Languages and he in Electrical Engineering, making them the first African Americans to graduate from Johns Hopkins University's doctoral programs.<ref> (http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/pierre_percya.html Mathematicians of the African Diaspora)</ref> That same year, 1967, was the one hundredth anniversary of the documents Johns Hopkins used to incorporate the Johns Hopkins Institutions, the one hundredth and sixtieth anniversary of his family's 1807 emancipation of their slaves, the one hundredth and fiftieth anniversary of the Dred Scott case in 1857 and of Johns Hopkins' service as a trustee of the school ((Myrtilla Miner)) founded for black females. Miner's school is now considered to be the founding institution of the ((University of the District of Columbia)) (UDC), one of the ((HBCU))s (historically black colleges and universities}. ((DeCosta Sugarmon)) received a master's degree in Romance Languages from the Johns Hopkins University in 1960 making an African American woman the first African American to receive a graduate degree from the Johns Hopkins University. In 1964, fourteen years after Scott graduated from the university with a bachelor's degree in engineering in 1950,((James Nabwangu)) now a neurosurgeon in the Dakotas, received a bachelor's degree from the Johns Hopkins University School of Arts and Sciences In 1948 and 1949, and about sixty years after ((Kelly Miller (scientist)|Kelly Miller)) enrolled in Johns Hopkins University's graduate school, ((Dr. Clifton Wharton, Jr.)), attended and graduated from the ((Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies)) (((SAIS))) in Washington, D.C. making him the first graduate of a Johns hopkins institution, and of a graduate program of the Johns Hopkins Institutions. <ref>(http://afam.nts.jhu.edu/about) "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular the chronology's references to him, and Decosta.</ref> He later became the president of ((Michigan State University)), the first African American CEO of a Fortune 500 company (((TIAA-CREF))), and a foreign policy advisor to six presidents. In sum, Wharton's graduation occurred about one hundred and fifty four years after the birth of this child of Quaker slave owners in 1795, one hundred and forty one years since the 1807 emancipation and eighty years before Johns Hopkins incorporated a university, hospital and colored children orphan asylum, seventy six years after Johns Hopkins' request that the orphan asylum be founded first, sixty four years after the colored orphan asylum was constructed by one of the best architects of his time, and twenty five years after the orphan asylum was closed, again after about fifty years of existence in 1924. Change was even slower when it came to persons of African descent and women as faculty members and administrators. In the case of the former, change has been so slow that persons of African descent in staff positions and in service jobs have a history of employment as long as the history of the Johns Hopkins Institutions while most of the first students, alumni, faculty, and administrators of the Johns Hopkins University are still living. For instance, Jamaican born ((Dr. Franklin Knight)) became a faculty member in the 1970s, and became the first tenured faculty member in the 1980s. The first faculty member, staff, and administrator, though was ((Vivien Thomas)). He worked with Dr. ((Alfred Blalock)) and Dr. ((Helen Taussig)) by helping to devise the ((blue baby shunt)) for babies with the ((blue baby syndrome)), and by assisting in the "first operation" on a baby with ((the blue baby syndrome)). <ref>(http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/firstor.htm "The First Operation")</ref> Thomas' contributions are not always cited. Thomas was the head of a laboratory, a laboratory worker, and a laboratory instructor to Hopkins' students and other African Americans workers, starting in the 1940s. Other faculty members following him were ((Dr. Ralph Young)), "the first African-American physician to practice at Johns Hopkins Hospital and the first African-American to be appointed to the state board of health",<ref> (http://www.mdsj.org/news/archives/033004.shtml In 2004 ((St. Ignatius Loyola Academy)) announces a scholarship named for ((Dr. Ralph Young))))</ref>, ((Dr. Walter Shervington)) was a president of the National Medical Association, the African American medical association, and Hopkins' second African American physician. Young did not have admitting privileges. Shervington was not allowed admitting privileges for twenty five years. <ref>(http://www.amsa.org/tnp/articles/article.cfx?id=261 A son, a physician and namesake talks about his father.)</ref> ((Dr. Roland Smoot)) was the first African American hired with admitting privileges, and later the first African American president of ((Med-Chi)). Until today reporting on Johns Hopkins' bequests to the poor and to those of African descent in quite uneven. In 1995 Field for instance reports on Johns Hopkins' scholarships to poor youths. He also reports that after the 1807 emancipation Johns Hopkins "would carry the habits of thrift and hard work he developed at this time with him throughout his life. Nor would he lose his sense of social justice. An abolitionist before the term was even invented, Johns Hopkins demonstrated a lifelong concern for those the larger society exploited or ignored".<ref> (http://www.jhu.edu/~gazette/aprjun95/may2295/22johns.html Mike Field,Ibid.)</ref> Yet, he wrote. mistakenly, that rural blacks were the poor and so they were the chief recipients of Johns Hopkins' bequests to the hospital. Even after the racial incidents at Johns Hopkins University in October 2006{{Clarifyme|date=March 2008}}, there are questions about whether or not Johns Hopkins and his family's emancipation of their slaves 200 years after the founding of Jamestown will be celebrated in 2007.Publications after both Jacob and Field, and Thom before them, still are ones where the word "abolitionist " is not used to label him, his words, deeds, or writings. There are those who write that Johns Hopkins had no vision and those who omit the orphan asylum as part of that vision. Except for a few exceptions, Johns Hopkins is almost never viewed and treated as a founder other than financially. There is an inattention to his deeds, his writings, and others' writings on him before the founding of the renown Johns Hopkins Institutions. All of this has meant that these institutions still are not known as ones that express a "humanity that knows no race". So many have been deprived of an exemplar of a poor boy who carried "the habits of thrift and hard work ... throughout his life", and who would not "lose his sense of social justice". So many are unaware of him as an abolitionist before and after this term was "invented". Johns Hopkins is not known as as someone who "demonstrated a lifelong concern for those the larger society exploited or ignored" as Field describes him. Two founders Hopkins and Gilman's, two legacies, together, could possibly mean a future of even greater "triumphs", and of less "tribulations" especially in the areas of research, science, education, business, philanthropy and the services provided to the poor no matter their age, sex, or color. 2007 was the two hundredth anniversary of the 1807 emancipation, the one hundredth and fortieth anniversary of his incorporation of a university, a hospital, and a colored orphan asylum in 1867, the four hundredth anniversity of the founding of America at Jamestown, and the year of apologies for slavery by the State o Virginia, and later Maryland. In 2007 the Johns Hopkins 212th Birthday Address was given by Barry Richmond, A&S '75 (MA), on Friday, May 18, 2007). The 1807 emancipation is ciyed as folloes: "1807 his family freed their slaves and thereafter did not have sufficient help to continue to work their farm". The address concludes by stating the following: Johns Hopkins decided to leave his wealth to found the Johns Hopkins University and the Johns Hopkins Hospital, which were incorporated in 1867. After his death on December 24th 1873, his will was probated and his fortune of seven million dollars was divided equally between the two institutions. At the time, this was the largest donation of a philanthropic gift. Johns Hopkins had the great foresight to appoint trustees of both institutions who would carry out his vision to establish the University and Hospital which have become renowned throughout the world. On the occasion of your 212th birthday, we thank you and honor you Johns Hopkins for your generosity and vision in establishing the University and Hospital which have enriched all aspects of our lives in every area of advanced education and the healing. <ref> arts.http://alumnit.jhu.edu/birthday.htm "Remembering Johns Hopkins" Johns Hopkins 212th Birthday Address </ref> Johns Hopkins' dreams and his vision still lives. Some of his dreams and his vision have been realized, and some have not. This founder is represented as someone who was influenced by his participation in an emancipation two hundred years ago in 2007, as almost a lifelong abolitionist in word and deed thereafter, as a man who formally stated his dream of quality personnel, male and female, quality services, facilities, institutions, education for all races and classes and no matter the age, sex or color of the "indigent". In the 1870s he was praised for his nonsectarianism, for continuing the tradition of ((Benjamin Franklin)) when the latter founded free hospitals, including emergency care, in Philadelphia, and as a man whose "humanity knows no race" in a nation where segregation, Jim Crow practices, and what some called "slavery under a different name" would become dominant.