Reverted edits by 98.67.249.216 to last revision by Tomas e (HG) ← Previous revision Revision as of 02:38, 31 October 2009 Line 24: Line 24: Joëlle Seiz and Simone Zahler |title=John Enjoys his Glass of Wine – Are there any English Words at all? |journal=EHistLing |volume=1 |pages=59–73 |url=http://www.ehistling.meotod.de/data/papers/group_e_pub.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> --> Joëlle Seiz and Simone Zahler |title=John Enjoys his Glass of Wine – Are there any English Words at all? |journal=EHistLing |volume=1 |pages=59–73 |url=http://www.ehistling.meotod.de/data/papers/group_e_pub.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> --> + ==History== + {{Main|History of wine}} + Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest production of wine, made by fermenting grapes, took place in sites in ((Georgia (country)|Georgia)) and ((Iran)), from as early as 6000 BC.<ref name=independent8k /><ref name=archaeology96 /> These locations are all within the natural area of the ((Europe))an grapevine ''((Vitis vinifera))''. - West side Queensborough 3100 boyz fuhh life reppin da port city rest in peace run run and barry we miss yall and ima hold yall down we luhh yall 3100 block Queensborough signin ' out + A 2003 report by ((archaeologist))s indicates a possibility that grapes were used together with ((rice)) to produce mixed fermented beverages in ((China)) as early as 7000 BC. Pottery jars from the ((Neolithic)) site of ((Jiahu)), ((Henan)) were found to contain traces of ((tartaric acid)) and other organic compounds commonly found in wine. However, other fruits indigenous to the region, such as ((Common hawthorn|hawthorn)), could not be ruled out.<ref name="PNAS">{{cite article | url=http://www.pnas.org/content/101/51/17593.full?sid=deed5ba2-d55a-40a6-89f0-e4051226b236 | title=Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China | publisher=The National Academy of Sciences | work=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | author=Patrick E. McGovern, et al. | date=2003-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite article | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041219134133.htm | publisher=ScienceDaily LLC | work=ScienceDaily | title=Penn Museum Archaeochemist And International Scholars Confirm 9,000-Year History Of chinese Fermented Beverages | date=2004-12-24}}</ref> If these beverages, which seem to be the precursors of ((rice wine)), included grapes rather than other fruits, these grapes were of any of the several dozen indigenous wild species of grape in China, rather than from ' 'Vitis vinifera'', which were introduced into China some 6000 years later.<ref name="PNAS"/> + + The oldest known evidence of wine production in Europe is dated to 4500 BC and comes from archaeological sites in ((Greece)).<ref name=disc07>{{cite news |first=Jennifer |last=Viegas |title=Ancient Mashed Grapes Found in Greece |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/03/16/oldgrapes_arc.html?category=archaeology&guid=20070316120000 |work=Discovery News |publisher=Discovery Communications |date=2007-03-16 |accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Bureau Report |title=Mashed grapes find could re-write history of wine |url=http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=361797&sid=FTP |publisher=Zee News |accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> The same sites also contain the world’s earliest evidence of crushed grapes.<ref name=disc07 /> In ((Ancient Egypt)), six of 36 wine ((amphora))s were found in the tomb of King ((Tutankhamun)) bearing the name "Kha'y", a royal chief ((vintner)). Five of these amphoras were designated as from the King's personal estate with the sixth listed as from the estate of the royal house of ((Aten)).<ref>{{cite book | author=Johnson, Hugh | title=Vintage: The Story of Wine | pages=32 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | year=1989}}</ref> Traces of wine have also been found in ((central Asia))n ((Xinjiang)), dating from the second and first millennia BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sytu.edu.cn/zhgjiu/u5-2.htm |title=Wine Production in China |accessdate=2008-06-25 |last=Rong |first=Xu Gan |coauthors=Bao Tong Fa |work=Grandiose Survey of chinese Alcoholic Drinks and Beverages}}</ref> + + In ((Middle Ages|medieval Europe)), the ((Roman Catholic Church)) was a staunch supporter of wine since it was necessary for the celebration of ((Eucharist (Catholic Church)|Mass)). ((Monk))s in ((France)) made wine for years, storing it underground in caves to age.<ref name="Phillips pg 62-63">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Rod |title=A Short History of Wine |date=2002-11-12 |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=978-0060937379 |pages=62–63}}</ref> There is an old English recipe which survived in various forms until the nineteenth century for refining white wine using Bastard—bad or tainted ''((Bastardo (grape)|bastardo))'' wine.<ref>{{cite episode + | title = The Great Resource + | episodelink = + | series = Tales from the Palaces + | serieslink = Tales from the Palaces + | airdate = 2006-11-03 + | series = 1 + | number = 9}}</ref> Wine was forbidden during the ((Islamic Golden Age)), until ((Geber)) and other ((Alchemy (Islam)|Muslim chemists)) pioneered its ((distillation)) for ((cosmetics|cosmetic)) and ((Islamic medicine|medical)) uses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%207.htm |title=Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources |accessdate=2008-06-25 |last=Al-Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |authorlink=Ahmad Y Hassan}}</ref> ==Grape varieties== ==Grape varieties==
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